To Kill A Mockingbird Innocence Essay - 1418 Words

In the novel, to kill a mockingbird, Harper Lee presents three very distinct types of innocence that are portrayed by different characters throughout the novel. A good part in this story’s brilliance is that Harper Lee has managed to use the innocence of a young girl to her advantage. She does this by telling the whole story from a child’s point-of-view. By having an innocent little girl make racial remarks and regard people of color in a way consistent with the community, Lee provides the reader with an objective view of the situation. As a child, Scout can make observations that an adult would often avoid. In addition, readers are also likely to be forgiving of a child’s perception, whereas they would find an adult who makes these†¦show more content†¦Ironically, at Tom’s trial, Dill sobs when the Ewells succeed in the lies they tell to the jury. He later says, â€Å"It ain’t right, somehow it ain’t right to do ‘em (Black pe ople) all that way†. This would be because Dill is from Mississippi and has not yet absorbed the racism and prejudice from Maycomb County. Therefore, this shows us that Dill’s lies are innocent ones that bring no form of harm to anyone else unlike Mayella Ewell, who’s lies frame Tom Robinson of rape. Dill also has his morals set right and is able to tell right from wrong. The next type of â€Å"innocence† evident in the novel would be legalistic innocence, which means that this person has not broken any laws of the country. Boo Radley and Tom Robinson are shown as being legalistically innocent in the novel. In fact, they share many similarities even though one is white and the other is black. In my opinion, both of these men are â€Å"mockingbirds†, however, in this case one is shot and the other is forced to kill. In addition, Boo and Tom are both handicapped in a way; Harper Lee hints that Boo may be mentally unstable whereas Tom is physically unstable as he is unable to use his left arm. But Tom’s race would be his biggest disability yet. Tom Robinson is innocent in the sense that he has done nothing against the law. Tom alsoShow MoreRelatedEssay On Innocence In To Kill A Mockingbird815 Words   |  4 PagesWhere Did My Innocence Go? In the rural town of Maycomb, Alabama, Scout Finch lives with her brother, Jem, and Father, Atticus. Scout teaches many lessons as well as defies stereotypes. Scout gives readers her perspective of things. In To Kill A Mockingbird, Harper Lee uses the growth and characterization of Scout to reveal to readers how innocence slowly falls away through Scout’s obliviousness about other people, Scout’s protection towards her family, and Scout’s curious ways. Although Scout startsRead MoreInnocence and Prejudice in to Kill a Mockingbird Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird, by Harper Lee is a beautiful story depicting a family living in the South of the 1930’s, and their struggle against the prejudice which was common to that time. The book centers on Atticus Finch, the father of the family as well as a lawyer, and his fight against prejudice. We see the story unfold through the innocent eyes of his young daughter, Scout, who is free from prejudice and not yet jaded. By viewing events as Scout sees them, the author shows us how to overcome prejudicesRead MoreLoss Of Innocence In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay721 Words   |  3 Pagesâ€Å"No man knows the value of innocence and integrity but he who has lost them† In this quotation, The unknown writer explains that innocence has such great value and no man knows the importance of it except those who has lost them. In To Kill a Mockingbird, By Harper Lee, There a re three different characters that are portrayed as Mockingbirds. In To Kill a Mockingbird, The Mockingbird represents Loss of innocence. Three characters that are Mockingbirds are Jem finch, Boo radley, and Tom Robinson. FirstRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Loosing Innocence Essay1456 Words   |  6 PagesPeople can get away with killing pigeons, cardinals, and blue jays, but it is a sin to kill a mockingbird. A mockingbird wouldn’t hurt anything; it’s only purpose is to sing songs for the everyday people. Jem and Scout had to restrain from shooting the mockingbirds due to their father’s warning. The novel To Kill a Mockingbird, written by Harper Lee, is written from the view point of a little girl, Scout, in the 1930’s during the Great Depression. Her father, Atticus, is assigned a court caseRead MoreThe Significance of the Title to Kill a Mockingbird Essay1055 Words   |  5 PagesESSAY: Explain the significance of the title, To Kill a Mockingbird . The title To Kill a Mockingbird is very significant to the novel as it portrays many forms of mockingbirds throughout it. As the novel progresses, it becomes clear that Boo Radley and Tom Robinson are the true Mockingbirds of the story. They both are innocent from the accusations claimed upon them. When choosing the title of the novel, Harper Lee had to make sure it stood out but also was relevant to the storyRead MoreRacial Segregation And The United Arab Emirates1422 Words   |  6 Pagesthe UAE has created a dynamic entrepreneurial environment for international investors. The finan To Kill a Mockingbird, produced in 1962, is an exquisite film adored by many. This classic trial displayed drama and established a childhood innocence from the narration of an adult’s point-of-view, which captivates the viewers’ attention throughout the entire film. To Kill a Mockingbird uses dynamic historical references, narrative structure, and editing to contrast the problem of the racism andRead MoreLife Lessons In To Kill A Mockingbird Essay849 Words   |  4 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay In this essay I will explain how three children named Scout, Jem, and Dill absorb some life lessons throughout the story. In this story two major things taught these kids life lessons, one of them would be Boo Radley a man who had his life stolen by his father who was a radical Christian, and the second would be the false rape charge against a black man named Tom Robinson. Also poverty and racism played a part too in teaching lessons. One of the biggest life lessonsRead MoreCritical Lens: to Kill a Mockingbird873 Words   |  4 PagesSammie Clemmey February 2, 2012 Critical Lens Essay - TKAM English 9 – Friedman To Kill a Mockingbird Critical Lens Essay â€Å"It takes a village to raise a child†, is an African Proverb. In other words, it can take more than just a child’s nuclear family to make her grow into who she will be as an adult. This lens is true because even though parents and siblings have a major effect on a child, and how they turn out later on in life, society and a child’s surrounding are whatRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill A Mockingbird Essay In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird a major theme is the loss of innocence. Whether from emotional abuse, racial prejudice or learning, Boo, Tom, and Scout all lose their innocence in one sense or another. The prejudice that each character endures leads to their loss. Through the responses of Boo, Tom, and Scout, Harper Lee shows how each character responded differently to their loss of innocence. In the novel To Kill A Mockingbird the character of Boo Radley is theRead MoreAdversity In To Kill A Mockingbird Analysis701 Words   |  3 Pages In the Coming of Age novel To Kill A Mockingbird, the idea presented that adversity plays a vital role in shaping an identity. The Essay will be talking about three characters that are affected by adversity, how you know what affected them and what is their character shape? priding it does not cause you to trust anyone in the novel because they might not be what they seem. In To Kill A Mockingbird there is one character that never really changes in the novel is Atticus. Atticus

The Canadian Inuit And Animals For Supplies - 1038 Words

For many of years animal activists have been trying to put a stop to all animal hunting, abuse, using animals for supplies. The problem with doing this is that it may effect a large amount of people who live off of these animals, in particularly the seal. The Canadian Inuit is a large group of people about 46,000 people as an estimation, that use seals as a multi source. The Canadian Inuit use the seal for a source of cash through fur sales, they used the seal for meat, and once used seal for oil lamps. In 1980 animal rights activists got their way and made it so that seal hunting was no longer legal. This affected thousands of Canadian Inuit who lived in small arctic hamlets who lived off of seal. The question is who is better off the Canadian Inuit, or the animals rights activists? Peter Singer is a utilitarian a philosopher who was much different from other utilitarians. The book Doing Ethics states that â€Å"Classic Utilitarianism say that the right action is the one that prod uces the best balance of happiness over unhappiness.(page 547)† SInger’s takes a different approach. He thinks of including both animals and humans in the word or category of â€Å"Everyone† â€Å"The pain and pleasure of all sentient beings much be considered when we are deciding which action maximizes the greater good.(page547)† I believe that Peter Singer would be one that has the possibility of being in favor of the ban on all seal hunting even if it would devastate the Inuit, if they did not take painShow MoreRelatedSeal Hunting Essay1353 Words   |  6 Pagestop of all this, Canadian citizens tax money is contributed to the seal hunt. With the economy like it is today, people struggling financially should not have to worry about their money going to useless projects like the seal hunt. In fact, many animal lovers and people who oppose the seal hunt are actually giving money to sponsor the seal hunt since our Canadian government taxes us on it. Is ki lling young defenseless seals for their fur, which is not in high demand but high in supply, worth all theRead MoreThe Dietary Adjustments Of A Particular Culture2087 Words   |  9 PagesTraditional dietary conversions correspond with the establishment and eventual sustainment of the Canadian North as a welfare state. 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Traditional dietary conversions correspond with the establishment and eventual sustainment of the Canadian North as a welfareRead MoreWho Is Considered An Indian1430 Words   |  6 PagesIndian then you don t get status. So what is the definition you ask? These are the definitions, the term Indian can be spilt into 3 different terms: First Nations, Metis, and Inuit. First Nations: First Nations can be defined as many terms. It could be the definition of someone who doesn’t fit the definition of Metis or Inuit. They do it by blood. To be a First Nations or Indian person you must â€Å"(1) be a member of a Tribe recognized by the Federal Government, (2) one-half or more Indian bloodRead MoreHealth of Canadian Aborigines Essay1782 Words   |  8 Pagesconcern for people around the world; however, Canadian aboriginal communities are feeling greater negative effects of food insecurity (FI). When people in a community do not have â€Å"physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life†, they are considered food insecure (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1998). While FI affects the health of all Canadians, the Aboriginal Peoples have been reported to haveRead MoreClimate Change : A New Realm Of Self Empowerment And Self Determination1215 Words   |  5 Pageshunt because now, people have to start travelling long distances from their communities to even find animals to hunt. Because of this, the people have had to start adapting to the conditions by ch anging their eating habits. Store-bought groceries have to be shipped in, and in Nunavut with no roads, products are flown in, which raises the price of food. With the availability of hunting decreasing, Inuit have to buy their own food, from stores. Shipping costs are huge because there aren t any roads toRead MoreUnderstanding The Formation, Transmission, And Transformation Of Cultural Meaning Within Societies Essay1692 Words   |  7 Pagesstructures and long lasting alliances (RRCAP 1.4 1996: 55). Cultural artifacts within the society range from elaborate animal totems that recounts and traces clan geologies and relations, to extensive oral traditions and ceremonies that recount historical exploits as well as laws and protocols that ensures cohesiveness within their confederacy of clans (RRCAP 1.4 1996: 56). The Inuit people, on the other hand, because of the harsh and remote environment in which they reside, have extensive oral traditionsRead MoreFirst Nations Of The Twenty Fi rst Century1900 Words   |  8 Pagesquestion â€Å"Why do the health concerns of First Nations differ from those of mainstream Canada?† I hope to show that the health and well-being challenges faced by First Nations people are different from those of mainstream Canadians primarily because of the history of colonization, Canadian government policies and social acceptance of those policies. In order to explore the state of the health and well-being of First Nations peoples I first need to explain the measuring stick used to determine healthRead MoreWomen In the Fur Trade2968 Words   |  12 Pagestheir participation and labor in order to ensure survival as well as economic success. This paper will attempt to illuminate how Native women played the role as important producers when it comes to fur trade of the American Plains and, of course, the Canadian region. This paper will also deal with the two important companys namely the North West and Hudsons Bay Company and tell how each functioned during the time of fur trade. The term â€Å"fur traders† is the term often used to described anyone who wasRead MoreEco-Buddhism7194 Words   |  29 Pagessociobiology and psychology. Human instincts have destructive as well as benign aspects. As much as we may celebrate our art, scientific knowledge or altruism, we can no longer ignore the truth that we are also ‘the most dangerous animal’.   Humans are opportunistic, as are all higher animals, and characteristically greedy. Our high intelligence confers the capacity to manipulate others to accumulate power or resources. We are quite easily trained into violent forms of aggression. Now that we have ‘accidentally’

Stress Management and Its Causes Free Essays

Stress is a term used by many, is somewhat misunderstood, and often used to describe a negative condition or emotional state. People experience various forms of stress at home, work, in social settings, and when engaged in activities to simply have fun. Police officer†s experience stresses the same as others, but also in ways much different than the average citizen. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Management and Its Causes or any similar topic only for you Order Now The dangers, violence, and tragedy seen by officers result in added levels of stress not experienced by the general population. What is stress? Stress is not a new phenomenon, it has been experienced throughout history. Stress is a biological response to some stimulus. Fear, panic, anger, tragedy and especially pressure can cause it. Stress can result in the competitiveness needed to succeed in business, relationships, sports, and education. Is stress bad or good? It is both. Good stress is manageable stress an can actually heighten your performance in certain situations. Bad stress is unmanageable stress and lessens your performance because it†s too much to bare. Police work, by its nature, calls for an incredible amount of continual stress. The demands on police officers to show greater restraint has been increasing over the years and has increased the effects of stress on police work. Today†s police officer is now more than ever in the public eye. He now must think about consequences before his actions in every situation. If we take a quick overview of police work and look at the research we can see what are some of the biggest stresses. Having your partner killed in the line of duty, lack of support by the department and bosses, shift work and disruption of family time/ family rituals and the daily grind of dealing with the scum of society. All of these factors add up and lead to high rates of cancer, heart disease, and suicide for police officers. We are becoming all too familiar with police suicide especially with the attention it gets from the media. In New York City twice as many police officers die by their own hand than in the line of duty. Stress is put to blame for this. Every study done indicates that police officer face a much higher level of stress. For suicide there are four main factors: 1. Divorce 2. Alcohol 3. Depression 4. A failure to get help. All four factors are symptoms that can stem from an officer†s stress levels. An officer who got into trouble on the job, suspension or termination is seven times more likely to commit suicide. Police suicide is more directly linked to relationship problems which in turn is linked to job stresses. Of the last fourteen suicides of police officers in New York City eighty-six percent had just had a divorce or relationship break-up. Police officers going through a divorce are five times more likely to commit suicide than officers who have a stable relationship. Relationship problems are highly related to job stress. In fact, studies have called police work to be a â€Å"high risk† lifestyle not because of physical danger, but high risk in developing attitude problems, behavioural problems, drug problems, and intimacy and relationship problems. These studies also show that police suffer from a substantially higher divorce rate ranging from sixty to seventy percent higher than normal couples. The medical community has attributed stress to such biological responses as heart malfunctions, blood pressure variations, gastrointestinal disorders, cancer, depression, muscular discomfort, strokes, and a host of nervous system related problems. For the police officer, biological consequences can represent more long term concerns, but the short term results are the most profound. Stress of the magnitude that affect an officer†s reaction time (increased or decreased) can seriously inhibit their ability to perform a vital action. An unrealistic increase could result in overreacting in confrontational situations, while a decrease could result in a serious injury or even death. Forty-three percent of all adults suffer from adverse health affects due to stress, seventy-five to ninety percent of all physician office visits are for stress related ailments and complaints. Stress is linked to the six leading causes of death, heart disease, cancer, lung problems, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, and suicide. Stress is a combination of physical, mental, and emotional feelings that result from pressure, worry, and anxiety. These pressures are called stressors. Some examples of common stressors are, divorce, death in the family, job change, pregnancy, marriage, and retirement. In medicine stress is a physical, chemical, or emotional development that causes strains that lead to physical illness. The early warning signs of stress include apathy, anxiety, irritability, mental fatigue, and over compensation or denial. Some signs of apathy are feelings of sadness or recreation that isn†t fun anymore. Feelings of restlessness, agitation, insecurity and a sense of worthlessness are examples of anxiety. Signs of irritability are feeling hypersensitive, defensive, and arrogant. Feeling argumentative, rebellious, or angry are also signs of irritability. Examples of mental fatigue are denying that there are problems, ignoring symptoms, and feeling suspicious. Some behavioural signs of stress are avoiding things, doing things to extremes, administrative problems, and legal problems. Avoiding things includes keeping to one†s self, avoiding work, having trouble accepting responsibility, and neglecting responsibility. Examples of doing things to extremes are alcoholism, gambling, spending sprees, and sexual promiscuity. Some administrative problems are being late to work, poor appearance, poor personal hygiene, and being accident prone. Possible legal problems are shoplifting, traffic tickets, and an inability to control violent impulses. Some physical signs of stress include excessive worrying about illness, frequent illness, and physical exhaustion. Reliance on medication including remedies like aspirin is a physical sign of stress. Ailments such as insomnia, appetite changes, and changes in weight are also physical signs of stress. Indigestion, nausea, and nervous diarrhoea, are also physical signs. Stress can be confusing. There are some myths surrounding stress. One myth suggests that stress is the same for everybody, this is not true. What is stressful for one person may or may not be stressful for another. Some people seem to think that stress is everywhere, so there is nothing a person can do about it, this is also not true. A person can plan their life so that stress doesn†t overwhelm them. Another myth is that stress is always bad for a person. This is not rue because managed stress makes people productive and happy. Some people think that only the major symptoms of stress require attention. The minor symptoms are the early warnings that a better job of managing stress is needed. There are four types of stress. There is acute stress, episodic acute stress, chronic stress, and traumatic stress. Each type of stress has its own characteristics, symptoms, duration, and treatments. Acute stress is the most common type of stress. Acute stress comes from demands and pressures of the recent past and anticipated demands and pressures of the near future. Acute stress can lead to psychological distress, tension headaches, upset stomach, and other symptoms. Some examples of stressors that can cause acute stress are, an auto accident that crumpled the car fender, the loss of an important contract, a child†s occasional problems at school and so on. Acute stress doesn†t have enough have enough time to do the extensive damage associated with long term stress. Some of the most common symptoms of stress are emotional distress, muscular problems, stomach problems, and transient over arousal. Emotional distress includes anger, irritability, and anxiety. Muscular problems such as tension headaches, upper and lower back pain, and jaw pain are also symptoms of stress. Other symptoms are stomach, gut and bowel problems. Heartburn, acidic stomach, ulcers, flatulence, diarrhoea, constipation, and irritable bowel syndrome are examples of these problems. Transient over arousal is another symptom of stress which leads to elevation in blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, and sweaty palms. Heart palpitations, dizziness, and migraine headaches can also result from transient over arousal. Symptoms like cold hands or feet, shortness of breath, and chest pain are also common. Episodic acute stress is common in people who suffer from acute stress. These people†s lives are so unorganised that they are constantly in a state of chaos and crisis. They are always in a hurry, but they are always late. If something can go wrong in their life it usually does. Often these people describe themselves as having a lot of â€Å"nervous energy.† Another form of episodic acute stress comes from non stop worry, they are always worried about something going wrong. The symptoms of episodic acute stress are persistent tension headaches, migraines, hypertension, chest pain and heart disease. The treatment of episodic acute stress requires intervention on a number of levels, generally requires professional help, and may take many months. Sufferers are usually resistant to any kind of change. Chronic stress is the grinding stress that wears people away day after day after day. It destroys minds, bodies, and lives. Chronic stress comes from when a person doesn†t see a way out of a miserable situation. The worst part of chronic stress is that people get used to it and forget that it†s there. Chronic stress kills by means of suicide, violence, heart attack, stroke and cancer. The symptoms of chronic stress are hard to treat and could require a lot of medical and behavioural treatment, therapy, and stress management. Traumatic stress is a special kind of chronic stress, known as post-traumatic stress disorder. It is caused by trauma that is not handled correctly. Some examples of traumatic experiences are, accidents, rape, abuse of any kind, natural disaster, and the death of a loved one. The symptoms of PTSD are flashbacks, over arousal, emotional numbness, and emotional outbursts. People with PTSD suffer from problems with concentration, controlling impulses, and decision making. The long term consequences of PTSD are depression, anxiety, behavioural disorders, multiple personality disorders, and suicide. There are three basic strategies for dealing with stress at the source. The first strategy is altering situations to make them less stressful. Avoiding stressful situations is the next strategy. Accepting stressful situations is the other basic strategy in dealing with stress at the source. Each strategy has it†s disadvantages and it†s advantages. It†s up to every person to decide which one to use with which situation. The tougher a person†s resistance to stress is, the more stress they can take. There is a lot people can do to maximise their resistance to stress. People have resources to help them handle stress, these resources include familial and financial resources, social and spiritual resources, as well as personal resources. They can also develop good health habits and get rid of bad health habits to help build up a resistance. Following these guidelines in a person†s life is a good way to increase their resistance to stress. Eat at least one hot balanced meal per day. Improving a person†s nutritional habits makes them less susceptible to stress. Limiting a person to less than three caffinated drinks per day helps to improve their health and their susceptibility to stress. Give and receive affection regularly. Research shows that people who give and receive affection regularly, live longer and are healthier. Have at least one relative within fifty miles. Family is one of the best ways of reducing stress. Regularly attend social activities. Friends a person meets can provide a support network for good and bad times. Have a network of friends and acquaintances. A strong social network helps fight off feelings of loneliness, isolation, and despair. Have one or more friends to confide in about personal matters. Close friends boost a persons mental health just by being there. Exercise the point of perspiration at least three times a week. Exercise leads to fitness and people who are fit handle stress better. Being the appropriate weight is important not only for health reasons but for self esteem as well. Be in good health is important because a person†s health is their first line of defence against stress. Get seven to eight hours sleep as often as possible. Lack of sleep leads to exhaustion that harms a person†s health and productivity. Do something fun at least once a week. Doing something just for the fun of it improves a person†s resistance to stress because it takes your mind off your problems. Speak openly about your feelings when you are angry or worried. As one can see, stress is a combination of feelings that have different effects on peoples† health, and also there are many different ways to build resistance to it so it will not ruin your life. How to cite Stress Management and Its Causes, Essay examples

The First Thanksgiving Essay Example For Students

The First Thanksgiving Essay The First Thanksgiving Essay On September 6, 1620, 102 men, women and children from England boarded a small cargo boat called the Mayflower and set sail for the New World. The passengers left their homes in England in search of religious freedom from the King of England. Today they are known as pilgrims. After braving two months at sea, crossing the stormy Atlantic Ocean, the Pilgrims finally landed off the coast of the New World. In the freezing December waters, they anchored the Mayflower and sent a landing party to what is now Plymouth Harbor beach. To secure the small landing boat against the rain and winds, they tied it to a large rock Plymouth Rock and so begins the legend of the original Thanksgiving tale. The Pilgrims found themselves in a harsh new environment. In the middle of winter, they slowly built a settlement at the site of an abandoned Pawtuxet Indian village. Not used to hunting or fishing, they struggled to find food. Many were starving. The future looked bleak. Many of the pilgrims did not survive the first winter. By the time spring arrived, they still had not met the Indians. Instead, they lived in fear of their unseen neighbors based on savage tales they heard from scouts. When April arrived, the crew of the Mayflower raised its sails and set off for England, offering to take any Pilgrim who wished to return to England. Faced with the choice of the harsh New World, or the religious intolerance of the King, they all stayed. One day, a lone Indian man walked into the settlement. He raised his hand in friendship to the settlers. The Pilgrims welcomed this stranger named Samoset. Samoset introduced the Pilgrims to his chief, Massasoit, and his interpreter, Squanto. Squanto spoke English because he had been captured as a boy by traders who had come to the New World in search of slaves. Squanto was taken to England and lived there many years before returning to the New World. He alone understood that the Pilgrims did not know how to hunt or fish that they would die without help in the New World. Squanto and Chief Massasoit extended their friendship to the Pilgrims. They showed them how to catch fish with nets and how to grow corn, pumpkins, potatoes and squash foods from the New World. The Indians showed the Pilgrims where to hunt turkey and deer, and where to gather nuts and berries. They explained to the Pilgrims that the land was master of those who walked and lived there. The harvest of 1621 saw the fulfillment of their labors. The Pilgrims had grown barley, corn, pumpkins, and beans. The settlers labored to gather their bounty; and in thanks for their fortune, decided to honor the land with a special day of thanks and celebration. In friendship and gratitude to Squanto, Chief Massasoit and the Indian people, they invited their new friends to join in the feast. The Pilgrims spent days preparing for the feast. The men hunted ducks and turkeys, while the women baked food and decorated the table. When the day finally arrived, the Pilgrims were surprised to see not 10, not 20, but 90 Indians approaching the village! They brought with them a bounty all their own. For three days, the Indians and Pilgrims feasted and gave thanks to the land for the harvest. It was a celebration of friendship and thanks; but most of all, it was a celebration of freedom. Neither the Indians nor the Pilgrims knew what they had begun, but from this celebration emerged Thanksgiving as we know it today. We have been celebrating it as a uniquely American holiday ever since. In 1863, President Lincoln officially declared the last Thursday in November a holiday of thanksgiving and praise, and so it remains today. 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